a. Disciplines and professions do not provide guidance on data analysis.
b. Data analysis methods should usually be specified in advance before a study begins.
c. Data analysis methods are generally uniform across disciplines.
d. Data analysis methods can typically be specified at the close of a study after it is clear what kind of data has been collected.
Answer: b. Data analysis methods should usually be specified in advance before a study begins.
Data analysis methods should usually be specified in advance before a study begins. Data analysis is the process of reducing raw data into a more manageable form and confirming whether it is appropriate to answer your research questions. Data analysis involves both manipulation and computation on the data which may involve recoding, statistical adjustments, or grouping of related variables.