[A] calcium sulphate
B] calcium chloride
[C] calcium bicarbonate
[D] None of the above
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Answer: The reason for the permanent hardness in water is not calcium bicarbonate (C).
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of soluble salts of calcium and magnesium, such as sulfates and chlorides.
Calcium sulfate (A) and calcium chloride (B) are examples of these salts, and thus can be the reason for permanent hardness in water.